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Higher School Certificate
Media Guide 1996

Media Liaison Public Relations Officer
Phone: (02) 9367 8250
Fax: (02) 9367 8479

Contents

1996 Higher School Certificate Statistics and Story Leads

Higher School Certificate Examination and Assessment

  • Eligibility for the Higher School Certificate

  • The Higher School Certificate assessment scheme

    • The purpose and scope of assessments

    • Components and weighting

    • Moderation of assessments

    • Unsatisfactory assessments

    • School reviews and appeals to the Board

  • Producing the examinations

    • Setting the examinations

    • Assessors

    • Aural and practical examinations

    • Preparing 'the pack'

  • Conducting the examinations

    • Supervision of the examinations

    • Examination provisions for students with special needs

    • Illness/Misadventure appeals

  • Courses with practical examinations and submitted works

  • Marking of the Higher School Certificate examinations

    • Security

    • Employment of markers

    • Marking

    • Reliability control measures

  • Results

    • Reporting of results in Board courses

    • Scaled examination marks for Board courses

    • Scaling of English 2 Unit Related

    • Reporting of results in Board Endorsed Courses

    • Dual-accredited vocational HSC courses

    • Result Notice

  • The Tertiary Entrance Rank (TER)

    • Tertiary entry

  • HSC Examination Inquiry Centre

The Higher School Certificate Curriculum

  • The HSC study program

  • Types of courses

    • Board Developed Courses

    • Distinction Courses

    • Board Endorsed Courses

    • Categories of Board Endorsed Courses

    • Board Endorsed Courses in the 1996 HSC

    • Joint Secondary Schools/TAFE courses

    • Content Endorsed Courses

    • Dual-accredited vocational HSC courses

  • Units of study

  • NAFLaSSL

  • Prescribed texts and works

Board of Studies NSW

  • Board members

  • Staff of the Office of the Board of Studies

  • Board of Studies Liaison Officers

1996 Higher School Certificate Statistics and Story Leads

The 30th Higher School Certificate

This year marks the 30th New South Wales Higher School Certificate. The first HSC examinations took place in 1967, introduced as part of a groundbreaking educational reform package, the Wyndham Scheme. This year an estimated 63000* students will undertake the HSC examinations, in contrast to the 18336 candidates who took the inaugural examination.

In the 30 years of its existence there have been many changes to the HSC. They have been implemented to meet the needs of a rapidly growing and diverse candidature. That the HSC has changed over its life span is illustrated by the fact that a student of the first HSC would not have recognised terms such as 'assessment tasks', 'TER', 'scaling', 'accumulation' and 'acceleration' -- terms that are familiar to today's HSC candidates.

The HSC was introduced as a response to the findings of the Wyndham Committee, which had been instituted to investigate the school system that culminated in the Leaving Certificate. As a result of its findings, the committee introduced the HSC, with one of its aims being to improve the poor retention rate of students going on to senior school. Many of the students of that first HSC cohort alluded to themselves as the 'Wyndham guinea pigs'!

In 1967 the retention rate for students staying on for the further two years of school was approximately 20%. In the mid-1990s the rate of retention to Year 12 has risen to 70%. From this alone it is clear that the 'HSC experiment' in which the 'Wyndham guinea pigs' took part has been a great success.

The Higher School Certificate -- a retrospective

The HSC of 1967 offered 28 subjects organised into 67 different courses. Today there are 79** subjects organised into 151 courses.

In 1967 courses were differentiated into categories of difficulty and termed First Level, Second Level and Third Level. It was the HSC of 1975 that introduced the differentiation of courses by 'units'. It was also in 1975 that the introduction of school-designed courses took place.

Among the many changes to the HSC is the introduction of new subjects; for example, Legal Studies and Computer Studies were introduced in 1990. Also in 1990 provisions were made for vocational and technological courses of a high standard and in 1991 Personal Development, Health and Physical Education was introduced as a Key Learning Area.

Pathways provisions were introduced for students in 1993, enabling students to take a more flexible approach to their HSC (see page 15).

* Please note: All statistics in this guide refer to the enrolled candidature of 23 August 1996.

** Each science course is treated as a separate subject; all three Distinction Courses are treated as one subject.

Languages and the Higher School Certificate, then and now

In 1967, 12 languages were examined, compared with the 37 languages on offer in 1996.

Many of these languages are studied through the Saturday School of Community Languages or the Open High School run by the Department of School Education.

Japanese is the most popular language, although 'traditional' languages such as French, German and Italian continue to have appeal. The most recent languages introduced to the HSC are Hindi, Persian and Portuguese. Filipino is soon to be introduced as an HSC subject.

Eighteen years ago there were 56 students studying Japanese: this year, there are more than 2000 students studying the language, the mastery of which has become a key asset in the business world.

There are 26 languages covered by a national syllabus under the National Assessment Framework for Languages at Senior Secondary Level (NAFLaSSL). All are developed according to a common structure emphasising the ability to communicate in varied contexts, flexibility to accommodate all students in all areas of Australia, and emphasis on cultural awareness.

Recollections from the class of '67

They were dubbed the 'Wyndham guinea pigs' -- and in Sandra Barry's class of '67 at St George Girls High School they wore guinea pig badges specially designed by their Headmistress.

Mrs Sandra Barry (nee Sayer) recalled what it was like being one of the first students to do the HSC in its inaugural year.

'We were made to feel important and were often reminded by our Headmistress that as the first HSC students we were special,' she says.

As one of their 'special responsibilities', the girls were given the task of designing their own uniform -- the first senior uniform at their school.

'I recall huddling over drawings in the playground at lunch time. Being the '60s, we came up with a uniform which was not quite a mini, but a good deal shorter than what was expected. They still wear them today,' she says.

Another of her HSC memories is of studying Agriculture.

'In those days if you did Science you had to do everything -- Chemistry, Physics, Biology. A lot of us chose to do Agriculture instead.

'However, we were at a city-based school with few resources for Agriculture, and so we grew wheat among the roses in the rose garden. On weekends our teacher would take all of us out to the Man on the Land displays.'

For more than 20 years Sandra and a group of friends who sat for the first HSC -- and who are now all teachers -- have continued to meet regularly.

They book a table at a restaurant and spend all afternoon 'talking as if we were back in the playground'.

At these reunions the topic invariably turns to the HSC, with the group of friends making comparisons between how it was for them and what it is like for students today.

So far three members of the group have had their own children do the HSC, and now it is Sandra's turn. Her son, Ryan, is a Year 12 student at Newington College.

Something that the women discuss when they meet is how few of them explored a broad range of career options. Sandra, a primary school teacher, says:

'I see the kids of today finding out about a whole range of career options I didn't even know about.'

In her son's case, Ryan is not yet sure what he will do after the HSC. His interest lies in the direction of sales and marketing, says Sandra. To gain knowledge in this field he is studying Business Studies this year, one of many subjects that were not available to Sandra or her peers in 1967.

He is also studying Design and Technology, a subject that requires a Major Design Project that he will design and produce himself. This comparatively new subject fosters student creativity and ingenuity, and is characteristic of the progressive thinking behind much of today's HSC.

Something else that was not available to Sandra when she was an HSC student was the chance to peruse past HSC papers.

'Ryan is often at home poring over past HSC papers. As we sat for the first exam, we didn't quite know what to expect,' she says.

Sandra acknowledges that the HSC today is different in character with the introduction of the Tertiary Entrance Rank and assessment tasks.

When she did the HSC, results were presented in terms of levels rather than marks, and at her school it was entirely examination-based.

She says that today each HSC subject offers more in the way of depth and breadth in terms of content when compared with the subjects she studied.

Although her son Ryan has not utilised the benefits of the Pathways system -- in which he could 'accelerate' or 'accumulate' HSC courses -- Sandra is aware of the benefits such options offer HSC students today.

She also knows that if he was not happy with his HSC results, he could choose to do one or more subjects again, rather than redo his entire HSC or put up with disappointing results.

'If you didn't do as well as you expected when I did the HSC, often you couldn't get into the course you wanted to do and had to either redo the whole HSC again, or in most cases, rethink your entire career so that your whole future changed as a consequence,' she concluded.

Families celebrating 30 years of Higher School Certificate experience

There are many stories of former students from the class of '67. Many of these stories, which reveal a great deal about HSC history, have yet to be written.

In response to an invitation to do so, the following families contacted the Board of Studies in order to help celebrate the 30th anniversary of the HSC. They are all prepared to talk to the media and include:

* A female HSC student from Baulkham Hills High School whose father did the inaugural HSC at Birrong Boys High School. One of her friends, a Year 12 student at Greystanes High School, also has a father who did the first HSC at Birrong Boys.

* A female HSC student from Cheltenham Girls High whose mother sat for the HSC in 1967 at Birrong Girls High School and whose father sat for the HSC the same year at Homebush Boys High.

* A male HSC student from Irrawang High School, Raymond Terrace, whose mother and father did the HSC in 1967.

* A male Year 12 student at Hurlstone Agriculturural High School whose mother went to Cheltenham Girls High for her HSC in 1967.

* A female student from Smiths Hill High School whose father did the first HSC at Port Hacking High.

* An HSC student from St George Girls High whose mother sat for the first HSC.

* A male HSC student from Oakhill College whose father went to De la Salle Ashfield to do his HSC in 1967.

* A male HSC student from Trinity Grammar whose mother went to PLC Pymble and whose father was at Blakehurst High.

* A female student from Panania whose mother sat for the first HSC at Mt St Josephs.

* A female student from SCECGS Redlands whose father sat for the HSC at North Sydney Technical High School.

* A female HSC student at Meadowbank TAFE whose mother did the first HSC at Monte Sant' Angelo College, North Sydney.

* A male student at Gunnedah High School whose mother sat for the HSC in 1967 at Katoomba High School.

* A female student from Queanbeyan High School whose parents both did their HSC in 1967. Her mother went to Karabar High School and her father went to Inverell High School.

There is also a male student from Vaucluse High School whose mother taught the first HSC.

Please contact the Media and Public Relations Branch on (02) 9927 8250 or (02) 9927 8248 if you wish to make contact with any of the HSC candidates and their parent/s listed above.

Some facts about the class of '96

Here are some general facts that may give a picture of the class of '96.

* An estimated 63000 students are enrolled as HSC candidates this year, which is approximately 1500 more students than last year.

* This increased candidature is mainly due to the large number of 'accelerating' candidates sitting for one or two units of HSC courses this year.

* The subjects with the biggest candidatures are English, Mathematics, General Studies, Biology, Business Studies and Computing Studies (in that order), while the subjects with the smallest candidatures are Estonian, Maltese, Dutch, Lithuanian, Czech and Latvian.

* Three students are doing the HSC on HMAS warships.

* Two sisters from Queanbeyan are doing the HSC in Kazakhstan.

* There are students doing the examinations on Norfolk Island.

* A female student is doing her HSC at Bells' Beach, Torquay, Victoria while participating in National Junior Surfing Titles.

* There is a male student who will do his HSC while living in Adelaide to play National League Baseball.

* In Japan, 31 students are doing the HSC examinations in order to sit for the Japanese University Examination, and five students in Korea are doing the HSC for similar reasons.

* There are also students sitting for the HSC in Brazil, England, France, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, Malaysia, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Saudi Arabia, Scotland, Singapore, (this candidate will be on a soccer tour), South Africa, Thailand, Tonga, the USA and Vanuatu.

(As we go to print there are still reports coming in from all over the world informing us of the whereabouts of HSC candidates who, for one reason or another, are not studying in New South Wales.)

Some facts relating to HSC candidates' ages:

* There is one 11-year-old HSC candidate enrolled in 5 units of HSC courses.

* There are four 14-year-old HSC candidates doing from 3 to 7 units of HSC courses.

* There is one 16-year-old student doing a standard 11 unit pattern of HSC study, and another doing 14 units of HSC courses.

* The oldest HSC candidate this year is an 81-year-old TAFE student.

Technology and teachers – helping Higher School Certificate students

The HSC Advice Line

The Minister for Education and Training, Mr John Aquilina MP, launched an improved and extended HSC Advice Line on 14 October 1996, offering HSC students greater access to last-minute advice and information from highly qualified teachers prior to the examinations.

'During its first operation last year, more than 1000 students called the HSC Advice Line each night to obtain advice regarding the HSC,' the Minister said.

'Whether a student lives in the city, a country town or a remote part of NSW, the cost will be that of a local call.

'The Advice Line will complement the assistance available to students from their teachers. The service will be operating after school hours, during 'stu-vac' and during the weeks in which the HSC exams are held,' Mr Aquilina said.

The phone-in service will be staffed by experienced teachers for the following large candidature subjects:

Ancient History General Science Personal Development, Health
Biology General Studies and Physical Education
Business Studies Geography Physics
Chemistry Geology Science 3/4 Unit
Computing Studies Legal Studies Science for Life
Economics Mathematics (all courses) Visual Arts
English (all courses) Modern History

The Advice Line will operate up until and including the night prior to the final examinations of each of the above subjects.

The feedback from students who used the Advice Line last year was extremely positive. Three students' remarks typify how many students felt about the service:

Thank God for the 'help line'. I don't know how many times I rang the helpful teachers from the Advice Line. Thanks again. It was much appreciated and a brilliant idea.

I wish to congratulate you on the Advice Line. In such demanding times I was glad I was only a phone call away from people who could clarify areas I was unsure of.

I used this service frequently and was impressed by the quality of service with teachers who were friendly, competent and extremely patient.

Based on last year's experience, the 1996 HSC Advice Line has been improved and extended to better meet student needs. This year there will be more teachers to assist at peak times in all subjects.

More than 600 teachers have been selected to staff the service this year on the basis of their experience and expertise in their subject areas.

The Advice Line will operate from 14 October 1996 for all subjects, and will have a major focus in the two weeks prior to and during the examinations in the various subjects. The hours of operation for the Advice Line will be Monday to Friday 4 pm - 10 pm, Saturday 10 am - 6 pm and Sunday 10 am - 10 pm. The telephone number is 131112.

The Internet

Since the Board of Studies launched its Website on the Internet in September 1995 more than 10 000 users per month have visited it. With more and more schools accessing the Internet, students and teachers can now link up to the Board's site to find out important information relating to syllabuses, the School Certificate, the Higher School Certificate and Board publications.

For students doing the Higher School Certificate, this means they will be able to access a calendar of important events leading up to the examinations, as well as the Higher School Certificate examination timetable.

Students and teachers will also be able to obtain Board of Studies publications such as Board Bulletin, which offers important news and updates about Board requirements; On Board, a magazine for students in Years 10, 11, 12; and 'Primary Matters', a monthly column for K-6 teachers.

The site offers a sample of Board products, including access to extracts from some of the educational CD-ROMs produced by the Board of Studies. The Board's site also features students' artworks from ARTEXPRESS (selected works from each year's Visual Arts HSC) in a virtual art gallery exhibition.

The Board of Studies updates its site weekly, adding new announcements, syllabuses and support documents, past HSC papers and other useful information.

A list of links to schools throughout Australia is maintained, as are lists of links to subject-related Websites across the world.

The new Website address is http:/ /www.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au

For an interim period, users will be able to access the Board's Website from the old address.

1995 HSC Examination CD-ROM

In January 1996 the Board of Studies published the 1995 Higher School Certificate examination papers and related examination reports on CD-ROM.

The initiative was in response to requests from schools to provide the past papers early in the new year and in a format that would allow schools to develop their own examination papers based on the HSC format.

Schools were provided with all the HSC examination papers on CD-ROM using Adobe Acrobat software.

Acrobat allows access across Macintosh and Windows computers and is provided to schools at no charge.

Schools have responded very positively to the HSC examination CD-ROM and as a result the 1996 examination papers will be provided in a similar format.

What's new in '96

The Coffs Harbour marking centre

This year the marking of the Higher School Certificate examinations 'goes north' with the introduction of a new marking centre in Coffs Harbour.

To be declared open by the Minister for Education and Training, Mr John Aquilina MP, this centre will be staffed by 89 examiners chosen mainly from Coffs Harbour and surrounding region.

The work that will be done at this Centre involves the marking of approximately 29000 students' examination papers in the English 2 Unit General reading question.

The centre will commence operation on Saturday, 16 November 1996 at the Coffs Harbour Education Campus.

The Higher School Certificate Review

The HSC Review is currently under way in order to fulfil the Carr Government's commitment to hold the most comprehensive review of the HSC since the first examinations in 1967.

The first stage of the review took place in May of this year, with the release of Professor Barry McGaw's Green Paper titled Their Future: Options for Reform of the Higher School Certificate. The Green Paper, which outlined 40 proposed changes to the current HSC, was circulated within the educational and broader communities for consultation.

The main areas considered in the Green Paper were:

* the curriculum;

* assessment of students' knowledge and skills, and reporting of their results;

* the TER and its influence on post-school options.

On 6 May 1996, the most up-to-date communication technology was used to present the findings outlined in the Green Paper, using TAFE's Open Training and Education Network (OTEN) to beam a live broadcast to schools and TAFE colleges.

During the four-month consultation process, 11000 copies of the 194 page HSC Review paper were distributed and more than 3000 telephone enquiries were made.

More than 4000 teachers, students, parents, educational specialists and community members attended 35 public meetings, and 30 special interest group meetings were held to debate the Green Paper.

The full document was available on the Internet and on CD-ROM, the options were translated into nine community languages, and more than 100 people attended an Equity Forum and Workshop to discuss the mooted options. The closing date for responses was 30 August 1996.

About 1000 submissions from individuals and groups representing the views of at least 30000 people statewide have been sent to the NSW Higher School Certificate Review.

All comments and questions from public meetings have been recorded. They will be evaluated and will form an important part of Professor McGaw's final recommendations to the Government.

Professor McGaw will report to the Government on the outcome of the consultation in December. The Government will decide early next year what changes should be made, with implementation expected for Year 11 in 1998.

A more flexible Higher School Certificate

Pathways

Today's Higher School Certificate offers students more flexibility than ever before in the way they can approach their study program through the provisions offered by Pathways.

Prior to the introduction of Pathways, senior students could only take one year to do Year 11 studies (Preliminary courses), and one year to do Year 12 studies (HSC courses). Furthermore, if a student was not satisfied with their HSC results there was no provision to repeat an individual course or courses. To improve their Tertiary Entrance Rank (TER) the student had to repeat their entire Year 12 program of study.

All this changed when Pathways was introduced for students in 1993.

Under Pathways provisions, students are now able to take extra time to complete their Higher School Certificate, move through their program more quickly, or repeat one or more courses.

Students may now 'accumulate' their studies over a longer period of time by taking up to five years to complete the HSC study pattern, and unlimited time to complete their Preliminary pattern.

Another option is to 'accelerate' HSC courses. Students who are gifted or talented in a particular area can undertake HSC courses ahead of their peers.

Already Pathways is proving popular. In 1994 there were 1787 students using the Pathways model. In 1995 there were 4680 candidates (7.6% of the total) making use of this system. After completing their Higher School Certificate, students can also use the Pathways provisions to repeat one or more courses in an attempt to improve their Tertiary Entrance Rank (TER).

Because they may take up to five years to complete their Higher School Certificate, students now have the option to combine part-time work or TAFE study with school work.

The Higher School Certificate and Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)

The Board of Studies uses the term 'Recognition of Prior Learning' (RPL) as a generic term for the two mechanisms (Credit Transfer and Advanced Standing) by which the Board may recognise formal or informal study and/or relevant life experience as contributing to the award of the Higher School Certificate.

RPL arrangements are provided for individual students and are granted as follows:

* Credit Transfer for study successfully completed at a TAFE or another recognised post-secondary institution;

* Advanced Standing, whereby students may be exempted from certain study requirements of a particular Board course if they are able to demonstrate that they have already achieved the relevant outcomes.

The HSC on show

There are a range of forthcoming exhibitions and performances of outstanding works from HSC students of 1996.

ARTEXPRESS

ARTEXPRESS is a touring exhibition of outstanding works of art from the 1996 HSC examination in Visual Arts. The works in this exhibition will be presented in a range of media including photographs, films and computer-generated images, paintings, drawings, sculpture, wearables and jewellery, textiles and fibre, ceramics, collections of works, design, graphics, and integrated visual/verbal studies.

The program for ARTEXPRESS in 1997 is as follows:

Sydney Art Gallery of New South Wales 11 January - 2 March 1997

State Library of New South Wales February - March 1997

David Jones city store window Mid-January 1997

Campbelltown City Art Gallery October 1997 - January 1998
Newcastle Newcastle Regional Art Gallery 14 March - 20 April 1997
Goulburn Goulburn Regional Art Gallery 26 April - 25 May 1997
Albury Albury Regional Art Centre 6 June - 6 July 1997
Orange Orange Regional Gallery 11 July - 17 August 1997
Lismore Lismore Regional Art Gallery 27 August - 26 September 1997

For further information please contact Ms Jan Hackett, Exhibitions Officer/ARTEXPRESS, Department of School Education on (02) 9561 8446.

Call Back!

Call Back! is a production of outstanding dance performances and compositions by students studying HSC Dance in 1996. Call Back! will be staged on Saturday, 14 December and Sunday, 15 December, 1996 at the Studio Theatre, Newtown High School of Performing Arts, King Street, Newtown. Tickets will be on sale for $5.00. For further information please contact Mr Craig Teece, Riverside Girls High School on (02) 9816 4264.

Encore

Encore is an annual concert of outstanding music performances and compositions from HSC Music students. The inaugural concert was held in 1989, and since 1993 Encore has been presented in the Concert Hall of the Sydney Opera House. Encore 96 will take place on Sunday, 23 February 1997.

In Encore 96 students will present original works and performances in a range of styles and genres that represent their study of the performance and compositions of HSC Board Music courses (in 2/3 Unit and 2 Unit Course 1) and also performances from AMEB Music (2/3 Unit).

DesignTech

DesignTech 96 is an exhibition of outstanding Major Design Projects by HSC Design and Technology students. DesignTech 96 offers an insight into how Major Design Projects are designed and produced.

Projects are selected for DesignTech on the basis of their demonstrated creativity and innovation, production techniques, project design and marketing aspects.

DesignTech 96 will be exhibited in Sydney at the Powerhouse Museum from 7 December 1996 to 27 February 1997.

Country venues will be finalised shortly.

OnSTAGE

Exemplary 1996 HSC Drama students will have an opportunity to perform their Group Presentations and Individual Projects in Performance and present their design, script writing, video and critical analysis projects at OnSTAGE 96.

OnSTAGE comprises a series of group-devised and individual performances as well as an exhibition of script writing, set, costume, lighting and publicity design projects, which reflect the hard work, talent and dedication of students and their teachers.

The OnSTAGE season will be from Wednesday, 26 February 1997 to Saturday, 1 March 1997 at the York Theatre, Seymour Theatre Centre, Chippendale NSW.

For further information on DesignTech, Encore and OnSTAGE, please contact Mr Rob Curtis, Exhibition Coordinator, Board of Studies on (02) 9927 8313.

Where, what and how HSC students are studying in 1996

Category of candidates Candidate
number
Proportion
of total

Metropolitan 42861
68.0
Country 19605
31.1
Interstate and overseas 534
0.9
School students 59019
93.7
TAFE students 3864
6.1
Self-tuition students 117
0.2

Geographical Location Male Female Total Percentage
Metropolitan Categories
Metropolitan East 6390 6863 13 253 21
Metropolitan North 5816 5962 11 778 18.7
Metropolitan South West 3731 4049 7780 12.4
Metropolitan West 4812 5238 10 050 16
Total 20749 22112 42861 68.1
Country Categories
Hunter 2186 2505 4691 7.4
North Coast 1700 1954 3654 5.8
North West 887 1009 1896 3.0
Riverina 998 1325 2323 3.7
South Coast 1940 2339 4279 6.8
Western 1186 1576 2762 4.4
Total 8897 10 708 19 605 31.1
Overseas Categories
All overseas 118 141 259 0.4
Total 118 141 259 0.4
Other Categories
All other 210 65 275 0.4
Total 210 65 275 0.4
Total of all categories 29974 33026 63000 100.0

(NB: Candidates by geographical location and gender as at 23 August 1996.)

Subjects with the largest candidatures

Subject Candidates
English 57744
Mathematics 56663
General Studies 17993
Biology 14608
Business Studies 12907
Computing Studies 12451
Modern History 11012
Chemistry 10668
Physics 9719
Geography 9409
Visual Arts 9018
Legal Studies 8215
PDHPE 8111
Economics 8028

Subjects with the smallest candidatures

Subject Candidates
Estonian 1
Maltese 2
Dutch 3
Lithuanian 4
Czech 4
Latvian 5
Ukrainian 7
Swedish 11
Thai 12
Hindi 12
Hungarian 14
Classical Greek 14
Portuguese 16

Entries in Board Developed Course by subject, course, and gender as at 23 August 1996.

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